Moscow, Russian Federation
BBK 280 Общая биология
Information on the use of molecular and traditional genetic markers in population genetics and breeding of agricultural plants is presented. An assessment of the level of diversity in populations is given using different types of markers, both at the level of alleles and at the level of individual nucleotides, including the measurement of differentiation within different marker systems. The relationship between molecular divergence, phenotypic divergence and co-origin described. The factors affecting the reliable determination of quantitative trait loci highlighted. Special attention is paid to the mapping of Mendelian genes. Special attention paid to the physiological and biochemical characteristics and their role in the manifestation and identification of economically valuable properties of cultivated plant species. Information is provided on the main hardware and software commonly used to conduct statistical calculations and establish a disequilibrium of marker/trait linking in populations. The purpose of the main computer programs, the most widely used for genetic mapping and establishing a marker / trait association, is briefly discussed.
molecular markers, genetic markers, alleles, nucleotides
1. Artem'eva A.M., Chesnokov Yu.V., Kloke E. Morfologo-geograficheskiy i molekulyarno-geneticheskiy analiz kollekcii belokochannoy kapusty VIR. Doklady Rossiyskoy Akademii Sel'skohozyaystvennyh Nauk. 2008. 5: 14-18.
2. Artem'eva A.M., Chesnokov Yu.V., Kloke E. Geneticheskoe razno-obrazie i vnutrividovye filogeneticheskie vzaimootnosheniya kul'tur vida Brassica rapa L. po rezul'tatam analiza mikrosatel-litov. Informacionnyy Vestnik VOGiS. 2008. 12(4): 608-619.
3. Vavilov N.I. Zakon gomologicheskih ryadov v nasledstvennoy iz-menchivosti. M.-L. 1935.
4. Vishnyakova M.A., Burlyaeva M.O., Alpat'eva N.V., Chesno-kov Yu.V. RAPD-analiz vidovogo polimorfizma roda China (Lathyrus L.) sem. Fabaceae Lindl. Informacionnyy Vestnik VO-GiS. 2008. 12: 595-607.
5. Dragavcev V.A. K probleme geneticheskogo analiza poligennyh kolichestvennyh priznakov rasteniy. SPb. VIR. 2003. 35 s.
6. Zhuchenko A.A. Ekologicheskaya genetika kul'turnyh rasteniy (adaptaciya, rekombinogenez, agrobiocenoz). Kishinev, Shtiinca. 1980. 588 s.
7. Zhuchenko A.A., Korol' A.B. Rekombinaciya v evolyucii i selek-cii. M.: Nauka. 1985. 400 s.
8. Kocherina N.V., Artem'eva A.M., Chesnokov Yu.V. Ispol'zovanie lod-ocenki v kartirovanii lokusov kolichestvennyh priznakov u rasteniy. Doklady Rossiyskoy Akademii Sel'skohozyaystvennyh Nauk. 2011. 3: 14-17.
9. Ryzhova N.N., Burlyaeva M.O., Kochieva E.Z., Vishnyakova M.A. Ispol'zovanie ITS posledovatel'nostey dlya ocenki taksonomiche-skih otnosheniy u predstaviteley triby Vicieae (Adans.) Bronn sem. Fabaceae Lindl. Ekologicheskaya genetika. 2007. 3: 5-12.
10. Chesnokov Yu.V. DNK fingerprinting i analiz geneticheskogo raz-noobraziya u rasteniy. Sel'skohozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2005. 1: 20-40.
11. Chesnokov Yu.V. Geneticheskie resursy rasteniy i sovremennye metody DNK-tipirovaniya. SPb, VIR. 2007a. 80 s.
12. Chesnokov Yu.V. Genno-inzhenernye manipulyacii u rasteniy i ih estestvennaya osnova. SPb.: VIR. 2007b. 80 s.
13. Chesnokov Yu.V. Kartirovanie lokusov kolichestvennyh priznakov u rasteniy. VIR, SPb. 2009. 100 s.
14. Chesnokov Yu.V. Molekulyarno-geneticheskie markery i ih ispol'-zovanie v predselekcionnyh issledovaniyah. SPb: AFI. 2013. 116 s.
15. Chesnokov Yu.V. Raznovidnosti scepleniya geneticheskih markerov s celevym genom i lokusami hromosom. Agrofizika. 2018. 2: 40-45.
16. Chesnokov Yu.V., Artem'eva A.M. Associativnoe kartirovanie u rasteniy. Sel'skohozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2011. 5: 3-16.
17. Chesnokov Yu.V., Kosolapov V.M. Geneticheskie resursy rasteniy i uskorenie selekcionnogo processa. Moskva: OOO «Ugreshskaya tipografiya», 2016. 172 s.
18. Chesnokov Yu.V., Pochepnya N.V., Berner A., Lovasser U., Goncha-rova E.A., Dragavcev V.A. Ekologo-geneticheskaya organizaciya ko-lichestvennyh priznakov rasteniy i kartirovanie lokusov, opre-delyayuschih agronomicheski vazhnye priznaki u myagkoy pshenicy. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 2008. 418(5): 693-696.
19. Chesnokov Yu.V., Pochepnya N.V., Kozlenko L.V., Sitnikov M.N., Mitrofanova O.P., Syukov V.V., Kochetkov D.V., Lovasser U., Berner A. Kartirovanie QTL, opredelyayuschih proyavlenie agrono-micheski i hozyaystvenno cennyh priznakov u yarovoy myagkoy pshe-nicy (Triticum aestivum L.) v razlichnyh ekologicheskih regionah Rossii. Vavilovskiy zhurnal genetiki i selekcii. 2012. 16(4/2): 970-986.
20. Abad-Grau M.M., Montes R., Sebastiani P. Building chromosome-wide LD maps. Bioinformatics. 2006. 22: 1933-1934.
21. Adams W.T. Gene dispersal within forest tree populations. New Fo-rests. 1992. 6: 217-240.
22. Ajmone-Marsan P., Castiglioni P., Fusari F., Kuiper M., Motto M. Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance in maize as revealed by RFLP and AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 96: 219-227.
23. Allen-Brady K., Wong J., Camp N.J. PedGenie: an analysis approach for genetic association testing in extended pedigrees and genealogies of arbitrary size. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006. 7: 209.
24. Arnheim N., Strange C., Erlich H. Use of pooled DNA samples to detect linkage disequilibrium of polymorphic restriction fragments and human disease, Studies of the HLA class II loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985. 92: 6970-6974.
25. Arondel V., Lemieux B., Hwang I., Gibson S., Goodmann H.M., Somerville C.R. Map-based cloning of a gene controlling omega-3 fatty acid desaturation in Arabidopsis. Science. 1992. 258: 1353-1355.
26. Ashley M.V., Dow B.D. The use of microsatelite analysis in population biology: background, methods and potential application. In: Molecular Ecology and Evolution. Schierwater B., Streit B., Wagner G.P., DeSalle R. (eds.). Birkhauser, Verlag. 1994. pp.185-201.
27. Asins M.J., Carbonell E.A. Detection of linkage between restriction fragment length polymorphism markers and quantitative traits. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1988. 76: 623-626.
28. Austerlitz F., Smouse P.E. Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. II. Relation between Φft pollen dispersal and inter-female distance. Genetics. 2001. 157. 851-857.
29. Bar-Hen A., Charcosset A. Relationship between molecular and morphological distances in a maize inbred lines collection: Application for breeders’ right protection. In: Biometrics in Plant Breeding: Application of Molecular Markers. Proc. 9th Meeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding. Van Oijen J.W., Jansen J. (eds.). 1994. pp.57-66.
30. Bark O.H., Heavey M.J. Similarities and relationships among populations of the bulb onion estimated by RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 407-414.
31. Beavis W.D., Grant D., Albertsen M., Fincher R. Quantitative trait loci for plant height in for maize populations and their associations with qualitative genetic loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1991. 83: 141-145.
32. Beavis W.D., Keim P. Identification of quantitative trait loci that are affected by environment. In: Genotype by Environment Interaction. Kang M.S., Gauch H.G. (eds.). CRC Press Inc. 1996. pp.123-149.
33. Bernacchi D., Beck-Bunn T., Emmatty D., Eshed Y., Inai S., Lo-rez J., Petiard V., Sayama H., Uhlig J., Zamir D., Tanksley S.D. Advanced backcrossQTL analysis in tomato. I. Evaluation of near-isogenic lines carrying single-donor introgressions for desirable wild QTL-alleles derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum and L.pimpinellifolium. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 97: 170-180.
34. Bernacchi D., Beck-Bunn T., Eshed Y., Lorez J., Petiard V., Uh-lig J., Zamir D., Tanksley S.D. Advanced backcross QTL analysis in tomato. II. Identification of QTLs for traits of agronomic importance from Lycopersicon hirsutum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 97: 381-397.
35. Bernardo R. Estimation of coefficient of coancestry using molecular markers in maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 85: 1055-1062.
36. Bernardo R. Prediction of maize single cross performance using RFLPs and information from related hybrids. Crop Sci. 1994. 34: 20-25.
37. Bernardo R., Kahler A.I. North American study on essential derivation in maize: inbreds developed without and with selection from F2 populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2001. 102: 986-992.
38. Bernatzky R., Tanksley S.D. Toward a saturated linkage map in tomato based on isozymes and random cDNA sequences. Genetics. 1986. 112: 887-898.
39. Bezant J., Laurie D., Pratchett N., Chojecki J., Kearsey M. Marker regression mapping of QTL controlling flowering time and plant height in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross. Heredity. 1996. 77: 64-73.
40. Bhattacharyya M.K., Smith A.M., Ellis T.H.N., Hedley C., Mar-tin M. The wrinkled seed character of pea described by Mendel is caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme. Cell. 1990. 60: 115-122.
41. Birky C., Jr. Evolution and variation in plant chloroplast and mito-chondrial genomes. In: Plant Evolutionary Biology. Gottlieb L.D., Jain S.K. (eds.). Sinauer Associates. 1988. pp.21-46.
42. Birky C., Jr. Evolution and population genetics of organelle genes: mechanisms and models. In: Evolution at the Molecular Level. Selander R.K., Clark A.G., Whittam T.S. (eds.). Sinauer Associates. 1991. pp.112-134.
43. Birky C.W., Fuerst P., Maruyama T. Organelle gene diversity under migration, mutation and drift: equilibrium expectations, approach to equilibrium, effect of heteroplasmic cells, and comparison to nuclear genes. Genetics. 1989. 121: 613-627.
44. Boppenmeier J., Melchinger A.E., Brunklaus-Jung E., Geiger H.H., Herrmann R.G. Genetic diversity for RFLPs in European maize inbreds: I. Relation to performannce of Flint x Dent crosses for forage traits. Crop Sci. 1992. 32: 895-902.
45. Borevitz J.O., Maloof J.N., Lutes J., Dabi T., Redfern J.L., Train-er G.T., Werner J.D., Asami T., Berry C.C., Weigel D., Chory J. Quantitative trait loci controlling light and hormone response in two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 2002. 160: 683-696.
46. Bost B., De Vienne D., Hospital F., Moreau L., Dillmann C. Genetic and nongenetic bases for the L-shaped distribution of quantitative trait loci effects. Genetics. 2001. 157: 1773-1787.
47. Bost B., Dillmann C., De Vienne D. Fluxes and metabolic pools as model traits for quantitative genetics. I. The L-shaped distribution of gene effects. Genetics. 1999. 153: 2001-2012.
48. Bousquet J., Strauss S.H., Doerksen A.H., Price R.A. Extensive variation in evolution rate of rbcL gene sequences among seed plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1992. 89: 7844-7848.
49. Bradshaw H.D., Stettler R.F. Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. 139: 963-973.
50. Breto M.P., Asins M.J., Carbonell E.A. Salt tolerance in Lycopersicon species. III. Detection of QTLs by means of molecular markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 395-401.
51. Brown A.H.D. Core collections: a practical approach to genetic re-sources management. Genome. 1989. 31: 318-324.
52. Brown A.N.D., Munday J. Population genetic structure and optimal sampling of land races of barley from Iran. Genetica. 1982. 58: 85-96.
53. Brown A.N.D., Weir B.S. Measuring genetic variability in plant populations. In: Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding. Part A. Tanksley S.D., Orton T.J. (eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1983. pp.219-239
54. Brown A.H.D., Burdon J.J., Jarosz A.M. Isozyme analysis of plant mating system. In: Isozyme in Plant Biology. Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S. (eds.). 1989. pp.73-105.
55. Bruford M.W., Wayne R.K. Microsatellites and their application to population genetics studies. Curr. Op. Dev. 1993. 3: 939-943.
56. Bubeck D.M., Goodman M.M., Bevis W.D., Grant D. Quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to gray leaf spot in maize. Crop Sci. 1993. 33: 838-847.
57. Buckingham S.D. Scientific software: seeing the SNPs between us. Nature Methods. 2008. 5: 903-908.
58. Burke D.T., Carle G.F., Olson M.V. Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science. 1987. 236: 806-812.
59. Burkhamer R.L., Lanning S.P., Martens R.J., Martin J.M., Tal-bert L.E. Prediction progeny variance from parental divergence in hard red spring wheat. Crop Sci. 1998. 38: 243-248.
60. Burstin J., Charcosset A. Relationship between phenotypic and marker distances: theoretical and experimental investigations. Heredity. 1997. 118: 519-526.
61. Burstin J., Charcosset A., Barriere Y., Herbert Y., De Vienne D., Damerval C. Molecular markers and protein quantities as genetic de-scriptors in maize. II. Prediction of performance of hybrids for forage traits. Plant Breeding. 1995. 114: 427-433.
62. Byrne P.F., McMullen M.D., Snook M.E., Musket T.A., Theu-ri J.M., Widstrom N.W., Wiseman B.R., Coe E.H. Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996. 93: 8820-8825.
63. Byrne M., Moran G.F. Population divergence in the chloroplast ge-nome of Eucalipyptus nitens. Heredity. 1994. 73: 18-28.
64. Camefort H. Fecondation et proembryogenese chez les Abietacees (notion de neocytoplasme). Rev. Cytol. et Biol. Veg. 1969. 32: 253-271.
65. Causse M.A., Rocher J.P., Henry A.M., Charcosset A., Prioul J.L., De Vienne D. Genetic dissection of the relationship between carbon metabolism and early growth in maize, with emphasis on key-enzyme loci. Mol. Breed. 1995. 1: 259-272.
66. Causse M., Santoni Damerval C., Maurice A., Charcosset A., Deat-rick J. De Vienne D. A composite map of expressed sequences in maize. Genome. 1996. 39: 418-432.
67. Chakraborty R., Leimar O. genetic variation within a subdivided population. In: Population Genetics and Fishery management. Ryman N., Utter F. (eds.). University of Washington Press, Seattle and London. 1987. pp.89-120.
68. Chalmers K.J., Barua U.M., Hackett C.A., Thomas W.T.B., Waugh R., Pawell W. Identification of RAPD markers linked to genetic factors controlling the milling energy requirement of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 87: 314-320.
69. Champoux M.C., Wang G., Sarkarung S., Mackill D.J., Otoole J.C., Huang N., McCouch S.R. Locating genes associated with root morphology and drought avoidance in rice via linkage to molecular markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 969-981.
70. Charcosset A. Prediction of heterosis. In: Reproductive Biology and Plant Breeding. Proc. XIIIth Eucarpia Metting. Dattee Y., Dumas C., Gallais A. (eds.). Springer-Verlag. 1992. pp.365-369
71. Charcosset A., Bonnisseau B., Touchebeuf O., Burstin J., Du-breuil P., Barriere Y., Gallais A., Denis J.B. Prediction of maize hybrid silage performance using marker data: comparison of several models for sprcific combining ability. Crop Sci. 1998. 38: 38-43.
72. Charcosset A., Dubreuil P., Essiox L., Gallais A. Utilisation des techniques de marquage génétique pour l´analyse dela variabilité génétique et la prediction du phénomène d´hétérosis. Le Selectionneur Français. 1994. 44: 3-13.
73. Charcosset A., Essioux L. The effect of population structure on the relationship between heterosis and heterozygosity at marker loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 336-343.
74. Charcosset A., Gallais A. Estimation of the contribution of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to the variance of a quantitative trait by means of genetic markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 93: 1193-1201.
75. Charcosset A., Gallais A. Application of markers in selection. In: Molecular Markers in Plant Genetics and Biotechnology. De Vienne D. (ed.). Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield, NH. 2003. pp.153-176.
76. Charcosset A., Lefort-Buson M., Gallias A. Relationships between heterosis and heterozygosity at marker loci: a theoretical computation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1991. 81: 571-575.
77. Chesnokov Yu.V., Shutov A.D. 11S seed storage globulins: are they reliable as molecular markers? In: Recent Res. Devel. Genet. Breeding. 2004. V.1. pp.181-194.
78. Chesnoy L. L´origine des organites du cytoplasme embryonnaire chez les gymnosperms. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Actual. Bot. 1987. 134: 51-56.
79. Chiaese P., Ohkama-Ohtsu N., Molvig L., Godfree R., Dove H., Hocart C., Fujiwara T., Higgins T.J., Tabe L.M. Sulphur and nitrogen nutrition influence the response of chickpea seeds to an added, transgenic sink for organic sulphur. J. Exp. Bot. 2004. 55: 1889-1901.
80. Chong D.K.X., Yang R.C., Yeh F.C. Nucleotide divergence between populations of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) estimated with RAPDs. Curr. Genet. 1994. 26: 374-376.
81. Churchill G.A., Doerge R.W. Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics. 1994. 138: 963-971.
82. Churchill G.A., Giovannonni J.J., Tanksley S.D. Pooled-sampling makes high-resolution mapping practical with DNA markers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993. 90: 16-20.
83. Clark A.G., Lanigan C.M.S. Prospects for estimating nucleotide divergence with RAPDs. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1993. 10: 1096-1111.
84. Courtois B., McLaren G., Sinha P.K., Prasad K., Yadav R., Shen L. Mapping QTLs associated with drought avoidance in upland rice. Mol. Breed. 2000. 6: 55-66.
85. Crasta O.R., Xu W.W., Rosenow D.T., Mullet J., Nguen H.T. Map-ping of post-flowering drought resistance trait in grain sorghum: asso-ciation between QTLs influencing premature senescence and maturity. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1999. 262: 579-588.
86. Crosbie T.M., Pearce R.B., Mock J.J. Selection for high CO2 ex-change rate among inbred lines of maize. Crop Sci. 1981. 21: 629-631.
87. Crouch M., Sussex I.M. Development and storage-protein synthesis in Brassica napus L. embryos in vivo and in vitro. Planta. 1981. 153: 64-74.
88. Crow J.F., Kimura M. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics. 1964. 49: 725-738.
89. Damerval C., De Vienne D. Divergence morphologique et divergence moleculare: 1. Apport des margueurs proteiques. In: Les Distances Genetiques. Lefort-Buson M., De Vienne D. (eds.). INRA, Paris. 1985.
90. Damerval C., Maurice A., Josse J.M., De Vienne D. Quantitative trait loci underlying gene product variation - a novel perspective for analyzing regulation of genome expression. Genetics. 1994. 137: 289-301.
91. Darvasi A., Soller M. Selective genotyping for determination of linkage between a molecular marker and a quantitative trait locus. Genetics. 1992. 85: 353-359.
92. Darvasi A., Soller M. Selective DNA pooling for a determination of linkage between a molecular marker and quantitative trait locus. Genetics. 1994. 138: 1365-1373.
93. Darvasi A., Weinreb A., Minke V., Weller J.I., Soller M. Detection marker-QTL linkage and estimating QTL gene effect and map location using a saturated genetic map. Genetics. 1993. 134: 943-951.
94. Dekkers J.C., Hospital F. The use of molecular genetics in the im-provement of agricultural populations. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2002. 3: 22-32
95. Delourme R., Bouchereau A., Hubert N., Renard M., Landry B.S. Identification of RAPD markers linked to a fertility restorer gene for the Ogura radich cytoplasmic male sterility of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 741-748.
96. Demarly Y. The concept of linkat. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Broadening Genetic Bases of Crops. Zeven A.C., van Harten A.M. (eds.). PUDOC. Wageningen. rr. 257-265.
97. Desplanque B., Boudry P., Broomberg K., Saumitou-Laprade P., Cuguen J., Van Dijk H. Genetic diversity and gene flow between wild, cultivated and weedy forms of Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae), assessed by RFLP and microsatellite markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1999. 98: 1194-1201.
98. Devey M.E., Delfino-Mix A., Kinloch B.B., Neale D.B. Random po-lymorphic DNA markers tightly linked to a gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. 92: 2066-2070.
99. De Vicente M.C., Tanksley S.D. QTL analysis of transgressive segre-gation in an interspecific tomato cross. Genetics. 1993. 134: 585-596.
100. De Vienne D. Marquerurs moleculares en genetique et biotechnologies vegetales. INRA, Paris. 2002.
101. De Vienne D., Damerval C. Mesures de la divergence genetique: 3. Distances calculees a partier de marqueurs moleculares. In: Les Distances Genetiques. Lefort M., De Vienne D. (eds.). INRA, Paris. 1985.
102. De Vienne D., Leonardi A., Damerval C., Zivy M. Genetics of pro-teome variation for QTL characterization: application of drought-stress responses in maize. J. Exp. Bot. 1999. 50: 303-309.
103. Deu M., Gonzalez de Leon D., Glaszmann J.C., Degremont I., Chantereau J., Lanaud C., Hamon P. RFLP diversity in cultivated sorghum in relation to racial differentiation. Theor Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 834-844.
104. Diers B.W., Mansur L., Imsande J., Shoemaker R.C. Mapping Phy-tophtora resistance loci in soybean with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. Crop Sci. 1992. 32: 377-383.
105. Dillmann C., Bar-Hen A., Guerin D., Charcosset A., Murigneux A. Comparison of RFLP and morphological distances between maize Zea mays L. inbred lines. Consequences for germplasm protection purposes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1997. 95: 92-102.
106. Dillmann C., Charcosset A., Goffnet B., Smith J.S.C., Dattee Y. Best linear unbiased estimators of the molecular genetic distance between inbred lines. In: Advances in Biometrical Genetics. Krajewski P., Kaczmarek Z. (eds.). Poznan. 1997. p.105-110.
107. Dirlewanger E., Isaak P.G., Ranade S., Belajouza M., Cousin R., De Vienne D. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of loci associated with disease resistance genes and development traits in Pisum sativum L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 17-27.
108. Doebley J., Stec A., Gustus C. Toesinte branched 1 and origin of ma-ize: evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics. 1995. 144: 333-346.
109. Doebley J., Stec A., Hubbard L. The evolution of apical dominance in maize. Nature. 1997. 386: 485-488.
110. Dong J., Wagner D.B. Paternally inherited chloroplast polymorphism in Pinus: estimation of diversity and population subdivision, and tests of disequilibrium with a maternally inherited mitochondrial polymorphism. Genetics. 1994. 136: 1187-1194.
111. Dow B.D., Ashley M.V. Microsatellite analysis of seed dispersal and parentage of saplings in bur oak, Quercus makrocarpia. Mol. Ecol. 1996. 5: 615-627.
112. Dow B.D., Ashley M.V. High levels of gene flow in bur oak revealed by paternity analysis using microsatellites. J. Heredity. 1998. 89: 62-70.
113. Dubreuil P., Charcosset A. Genetic diversity within and among maize populations: a comparison between isozymes and nuclear RFLP loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 96: 577-587.
114. Dubreuil P., Dufour P., Krejci E., Causse M., de Vienne D., Gal-lais A., Charcosset A. Organization of RFLP diversity among inbred lines of maize representing the most significant heterotic groups. Crop Sci. 1996. 36: 790-799.
115. Dudley J.W., Saghal Maroof M.A., Rufener G.K. Molecular markers and grouping of parents in maize breeding programs. Crop Sci. 1991. 31: 718-723.
116. Edwards M.D., Helentjaris T., Wright S., Stuber C.W. Molecular-marker facilitated investigations of QTL in maize. IV. Analysis based on genome saturation and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 765-774.
117. Edwards M.D., Stuber C.W., Wendel J.F. Molecular-marker facili-tated investigation of QTL in maize. I. Number, genetic distribution and types of gene action. Genetics. 1987. 116: 113-125.
118. El-Din El Assal S., Alonso-Blanco C., Peters A.J., Raz V., Koor-neef M. A QTL for flowering time in Arabidopsis reveals a novel allele of CRY2. Nat. Genet. 2001. 29: 435-440.
119. Ellstrand N.C. Gene flow among seed plant populations. New Forests. 1992. 6: 241-256.
120. El Mousadik A., Petit R.J. High levels of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) endemic to Morocco. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 92: 832-839.
121. El Mousadik A., Petit R.J. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the argan tree of Morocco. Mol. Evol. 1996. 5: 547-555.
122. Ennos R.A. Estimating the relative rates of pollen and seed migration among plant populations. Heredity. 1994. 72: 250-259.
123. Eshed Y., Abu-Abied M., Saranga Y., Zamir D. Lycopersicon escu-lentum lines containing small overlapping introgressions from L.pennelii. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 1027-1034.
124. Eshed Y., Zamir D. An introgression line population of Lycopersicon pennellii in the cultivated tomato enables the identification and fine mapping of yield associated QTLs. Genetics. 1995. 141: 1147-1162.
125. Excofier L., Smouse P.E., Quattro J.M. Analysis of molecular va-riance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 1992. 131: 479-491.
126. Falconer D.S. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 2nd ed. Longman, London. 1961. 340 p.
127. Falconer D.S., MacKay T.F.C. Quantitative trait loci. In: Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th ed., Longman Group Ltd. Harlow. England. 1996. pp.12-17
128. Fatokun C.A., Mennancio-Hautea D.I., Danesh D., Young N.D. Evidence for ortologous seed weight genes in cowpea and mung bean based on RFLP mapping. Genetics. 1992. 132: 841-846.
129. Flowers T.J., Koyama M.L., Flowers S.A., Sudhakar C., Singh K.P., Yeo A.R. QTL: their place in engineering tolerance of rice to salinity. J. Exp. Bot. 2000. 51: 99-106.
130. Foolad M.R. Comparison of salt tolerance during seed germination and vegetative growth in tomato by QTL mapping. Genome. 1999. 42: 727-734.
131. Foolad M.R., Chen F.Q., Lin G.Y. RFLP mapping of QTLs conferring salt tolerance during germination in an interspecific cross of tomato. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 97: 1133-1144.
132. Frary A., Nesbitt T.C., Grandillo S., Knaap E., Cong B., Liu J., Meller J., Elber R., Alpert K.B., Tanksley S.D. fw 2.2: a quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science. 2000. 289: 85-88.
133. Frei O.M., Stuber C.W., Goodman M.M. Use of allozymes as genetic markers for predicting performance in maize single cross hybrids. Crop Sci. 1986. 26: 37-42.
134. Freymark P.J., Lee M., Woodman W.L., Martinson C.A. Quantita-tive and qualitative trait loci affecting host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 87: 537-544.
135. Fridman E., Pleban T., Zamir D. A recombinant hotspot delimits a wild QTL for tomato sugar content to 484 bp within an invertase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000. 97: 4718-4723.
136. Frova C., Krajewski P., di Fronzo N., Villa M., Sari-Gorla M. Ge-netic analysis of drought tolerance in maize by molecular markers. I. Yield components. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1999. 99: 280-288.
137. Frova C., Sari-Gorla M. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pollen thermotolerance detected in maize. Mol Gen Genet. 1994. 245: 424-430.
138. Fuerst P.A., Ferrell R.E. The stepwise mutation model: an experimental evaluation utilizing hemoglobin variants. Genetics. 1980. 94: 185-201.
139. Gallais A. Theorie de la Selection en Amelioration des Plantes. Masson ed. 1990.
140. Gallais A. La selection assistee par marqueurs. Le Seletionneur Francais. 1995. 43: 43-62.
141. Gallais A., Charcosset A. Efficiency of marker-assisted selection. In: Biometrics in Plant Breeding: Applications of Molecular Markers. Proc. 9th Meeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding. Van Oijen J.W., Jansen J. (eds.). 1994. p. 91-99.
142. Gallais A., Dillmann C., Hospital F. An analytical approach of mark-er-assisted selection with selection on markers only. In: Proc. 10th Meeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding. Krajewski P., Kaczmarek Z. (eds.). IGR, Poznan, 1997. p. 111-116.
143. Gallais A., Rives M. Detection, number and effects of QTLs for a complex character. Agronomie. 1993. 13: 723-738.
144. Garcia A.A., Kido E.A., Meza A.N., Souza H.M., Pinto L.R., Pasti-na M.M., Leite C.S., Silva J.A., Ulian E.C., Figueira A., Souza A.P. Development of an integrated genetic map of a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) commercial cross, based on a maximum-likelihood approach for estimation of linkage and linkage phases. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2006. 112: 298-314.
145. Gardner C.O., Eberhart S.A. Analysis and interpretation of the variety cross diallele and related populations. Biometrics. 1966. 22: 439-452.
146. Gaunt T.R., Rodriguez S., Zapata C., Day I.N.M. MIDAS: software for analysis and visualization of interallelic disequilibrium between multiallelic markers. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006. 7: 227.
147. Gentzbittel I., Zhang Y.X., Vear F., Griveau B., Nicolas P. RFLP studies of genetic relationships among inbred lines of the cultivated sunflower, Heliantus annuus L.: evidence for distinct restorer and maintainer germplasm pools. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 419-425.
148. Gerber S., Mariette S., Struff R., Bodenes C., Kremer A. Compari-son of microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers for parentage analysis. Mol. Ecol. 2000. 17: 1037-1048.
149. Gimelfarb A., Lande R. Simulation of marker-assisted selection in hybrid populations. Genet. Res. Camb. 1994. 63: 39-47.
150. Gimelfarb A., Lande R. Marker-assisted selection and marker-QTL associations in hybrid populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 91: 522-528.
151. Giraudat J., Hauge B.H., Valon C., Smalle J., Parcy F., Good-man H.M. Isolation of the Arabidopsis ABI3 gene by positional cloning. The Plant Cell. 1992. 4: 1251-1261.
152. Godshalk E.B., Lee M., Lamkey K.R. Relationship of restriction fragment length polymorphisms to single-cross hybrid performance of maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990. 80: 273-280.
153. Godoy J.A., Jordano P. Seed dispersal by animals: exact identification of source trees with endocarp DNA microsatellites. Mol. Ecol. 2001. 10: 2275-2283.
154. Goldman I.L., Paran I., Zamir D. Quantitative trait locus analysis of a recombinationinbred line population derived from a Lycopersicon esculentum × Lycopersicon cheesmanii cross. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 925-932.
155. Goldman I.L., Rocherford T.R., Dudley J.W. Quantitative trait loci influencing protein and starch concentration in the Illinois Long Term Selection maize strains. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 87: 217-224.
156. Gonzales-Candelas F., Elena S.F., Moya A. Approximate variance of nucleotide divergence between two sequences estimated from restriction fragment data. Genetics. 1995. 140: 1443-1446.
157. Gouesnard B., Bataillon T.M., Decoux G., Rozale C., Schoen D.J., David J.L. MSTRAT: An algorithm for building germplasm core col-lection by maximizing allelic or phenotypic richness. J. Heredity. 2001. 92: 93-94.
158. Grattapaglia D., Bertolucci F.L., Sederoff R.R. Genetic mapping of QTLs controlling vegetative propagation in Eucaliptus grandis and E.urophylla using a pseudo-testcross mapping strategy and RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 933-947.
159. Gregorius H.R. The probability for losing an allele when diploid genotypes are sampled. Biometrics. 1980. 36: 643-652.
160. Hackett C.A., Weller J.I. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for traits with ordinal distributions. Biometrics. 1995. 51: 1252-1263.
161. Haley S.D., Knott S.A. A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers. Heredity. 1992. 69: 315-324.
162. Haley S.D., Mikals P.N., Stavely J.R., Byrum J., Kelly J.D. Identifi-cation of RAPD markers linked to a major rust resistance gene block in common bean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 86: 505-512.
163. Hammond-Kosack K.E., Jones J.D.G. Plant disease resistance genes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997. 48: 575-607.
164. Hamrick J.L., Godt M.J.W. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Brown A.H.D., Glegg M.T., Kahler A.L., Weir B.S. (eds.). Sinauer Associates. 1989. p.43-64.
165. Hancock J.F. Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species. 3rd ed. CABI, MPG Books Group, London, UK. 2012. 246 p.
166. Hanson W.D. Early generation analysis of length of heterozygous chromosome segments around a locus held heterozygous with back-crossing or selfing. Genetics. 1959. 44: 833-837.
167. Harris S.A., Ingram R. Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: the ef-fect of intraspecific diversity and plasmid transmission. Taxon. 1991. 40: 393-412.
168. Hartl D.L., Clark A.D. Principle of Population Genetics. Sinauer As-sociates. 1989. 682 p.
169. Hayes H.K., Johnson I.J. The breeding of improved selfed lines of corn. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 1939. 31: 710-724.
170. Hayes P.M., Lui B.H., Knapp S.J., Chen F., Jones B., Blake T., Franckowiak J., Rasmusson D., Sorrells M., Ullrichs E., Wesen-berg D., Kleinhofs A. Quantitative trait locus effects and environmental interaction in a simple of North American barley germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 87: 392-401.
171. Helentjaris T. A linkage map for maize bazed on RFLPs. Trends Genet. 1987. 3: 217-221.
172. Henderson C.R. Best linear unbias estimation and prediction under a selection model. Biometrics. 1975. 31: 423-447.
173. Hipkins V.D., Krutovskii K.V., Strauss S.H. Organelle genomes in conifers. Structure, evolution and diversity. Forest Genet. 1994. 1(4): 179-189.
174. Holland J.B. EPISTACY: a SAS program for detecting two-locus epi-stasis interactions using genetic marker information. J. Hered. 1998. 89: 374-375.
175. Holsinger K.E., Mason-Gamer R.J. Hierarchical analysis of nucleo-tide diversity in geographically structured populations. Genetics. 1996. 142: 629-639.
176. Hormaza J.I., Dollo L., Polito V.S. Identification of RAPD marker linked to sex determination in Pistacia vera using bulked segregant analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 9-13.
177. Hospital F., Charcosset A. Marker-assisted introgression of quantita-tive trait loci. Genetics. 1997. 147: 1469-1485.
178. Hospital F., Chavalet C., Mulsant P. Using markers in gene introgression breeding programs. Genetics. 1992. 132: 1199-1210.
179. Hospital F., Goldringer I., Openshaw S. Efficient marker based recurrent selection for multiple quantitative trait loci. Genet. Res. Camb. 2000. 75: 357-368.
180. Hospital F., Moreau L., Lacoudre F., Charcosset A., Gallais A. More on the efficiency of marker-assisted selection. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1997. 95: 1181-1189.
181. Hudson S.S. Gene genealogies and coalescent process. Oxf. Surv. Ecol. Biol. 1990. 7: 1-44.
182. Hudson R.R., Slatkin M., Maddison W.P. Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data. Genetics. 1992. 132: 583-589.
183. Hurlbert S.H. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology. 1971. 52: 577-586.
184. Innan H., Terauchi R., Kahl G., Tajima F. A method for estimating nucleotide diversity from AFLP data. Genetics. 1999. 151: 1157-1164.
185. Isabel N., Beaulieu J., Bousquest J. Complete congruence between gene diversity estimates derived from genotypic data at enzymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA loci in black spruce. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. 92: 6369-6373.
186. Jansen R.C. Interval mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci. Genetics. 1993. 135: 205-211.
187. Jansen R.C., Stam P. High resolution of quantitative traits into multiple loci via interval mapping. Genetics. 1994. 136: 1447-1455.
188. Jansen R.C., Van Ooijen J.W., Stam P., Lister C., Dean C. Geno-type-by-environment interaction in genetic mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 91: 33-37.
189. Jones J.D.G. Putting knowledge of plant disease resistance genes to work. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2001. 4: 281-287.
190. Jourjon M.F., Jasson S., Marcel J., Ngom B., Mangin B. MCQTL: multi-allelic QTL mapping in multi-cross design. Bioinformatics. 2005. 21: 128-130.
191. Jukes T.H., Cantor C.R. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Munro H.N. (ed.). Academic Press. 1969. p.21-132.
192. Kacser H., Burns J.A. The molecular basis of dominance. Genetics. 1981. 97: 639-666.
193. Kaplan N. Statistical analysis of restriction map data and nucleotide sequence data. In: Statistical Analysis of DNA Sequence Data. Weir B.S. (ed.). Mark Dekker. 1983. p. 75-106.
194. Kearsey M.J., Farquhar A.G.I. QTL analysis in plants; where are we now? Heredity. 1998. 80: 137-142.
195. Kearsey M.J., Hyne V. QTL analysis: a simple “marker-regression” approach. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 698-702.
196. Keim P., Diers B.W., Olson T.C., Shoemaker R.C. RFLP mapping in soybean: aasociation between marker loci and variation in quantitative traits. Genetics. 1990. 126: 735-742.
197. Keim P., Shoemaker R.C., Palmer R.G. Restriction fragment length polymorphism diversity in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1989. 77: 786-792.
198. Kesseli R., Witsenboer H., Stanghellini M., Vandermark G., Mi-chelmore R. Recessive resistance to Plasmopara lactucae-redicis maps by bulked segregant analysis to cluster of dominant disease resistance genes in lettuce. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 1993. 6: 722-728.
199. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 1980. 16: 111-120.
200. Kisha T.J., Sneller C.H., Diers B.W. Relationship between genetic distance among parents and genetic variance in populations of soybean. Crop Sci. 1997. 37: 1317-1325.
201. Knapp S.J., Bridges W.S. Using molecular markers to estimate quantitative trait locus parameters: power and genetic variances for unreplicated and replicated progeny. Genetics. 1990. 126: 769-777.
202. Knapp S.J., Bridhes W.C., Birkes D. Mapping QTL using molecular linkage maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990. 79: 583-592.
203. Koester R.P., Sisco P.H., Stuber C.W. Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling days to flowering and plant height in two near isogenic lines of maize. Crop Sci. 1993. 33: 1209-1216.
204. Korol A., Ronin Y., Itzovich A., Peng J., Nevo E. Enhanced efficiency of QTL mapping analysis based on multivariate complexes of quantitative traits. Genetics. 2001. 157: 1789-1803.
205. Korol A., Ronin Y., Kirzhner V. Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci employing correlated trait complex. Genetics. 1995. 140: 1137-1147.
206. Kremer A., Petit R.J., Pons O. Measures of polymorphism within and between populations. In: Molecular Tools for Screening Biodeversity in Plants and Animals. Karp A., Ingram D.S., Isaac P.G. (eds.). Chapman and Hall, London. 1997.
207. Krug C.A., Viegas G.P., Paolieri L. Hibridos comercialis de Milho. Bragantia. 1943. 3: 367-552.
208. Kruglyak L., Lander E.S. A nonparametric approach for mapping quantitative trait loci. Genetics. 1995. 139: 1421-1428.
209. Lagercrantz U., Putterill J., Coupland G., Lydiate D. Comparative mapping in Arabidopsis and Brassica, fine scale genome colinearity and congruence of genes controlling flowering time. Plant J. 1996. 9: 13-20.
210. Lande R., Thompson B. Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics. 1990. 124: 743-756.
211. Lander E.S., Botstein D. Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics. 1989. 121: 185-199.
212. Lander E.S., Green P., Abrahamson J., Barlow A., Daly M.J., Lin-coln S.E., Newburg L. MAPMAKER: an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomics. 1987. 1: 174-181.
213. Lanner-Herrera C., Gustafsson M., Falt A.S., Bryngelsson T. Diversity in natural populations of wild Brassica oleracea as estimated by isozyme and RAPD analysis. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1996. 43: 13-23.
214. Lebreton C., Lazicjancic V., Steed A., Pekic S., Quarrie S.A. Identification of QTL for drought responses in maize and their use in testing causal relationships between traits. J. Exp. Bot. 1995. 46: 853-865.
215. Le Corre V., Dumolin-Lapegue D., Kremer A. Genetic variability at enzyme and RAPD loci in sessile oak Ouercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.: the role of history and geography. Mol. Ecology. 1997. 6 : 519-529.
216. Lefebvre V., Palloix A. Both epistatic and additive effects of QTLs are involved in polygenic induced resistance to desease: a case study, the interaction peper-Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 93: 503-511.
217. Lefort-Buson M. Distances génétiques et hétérosis: 1. Mise en evidence d’une relation entre heterosis and divergence genetique. In: Les Distances Genetiques. Lefort-Buson M., De Vienne D. (eds.). INRA, Paris. 1985. pp.111-118
218. Lefort-Buson M. Distances génétiques et hétérosis: 4. Utilisation des criteres biometriques. In: Les Distances Genetiques. Lefort-Buson M., De Vienne D. (eds.). INRA, Paris. 1985. pp.143-158
219. Leonards-Schippers C., Gieffers W., Schafer-Pregl R., Ritter E., Knapp S.J., Salamini F., Gebhardt C. Quantitative resistance to Phytophtora infestans in potato: a case study for QTL mapping in allogamous species. Genetics. 1994. 137: 67-77.
220. Lewontin R.C. The apportionment of human diversity. Evol. Biol. 1973. 6: 381-398.
221. Lewontin R.C., Hubby J.L. A molecular approach to study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics. 1966. 54: 595-609.
222. Leyser H.M.O., Lincoln C.A., Timpte C., Lammer D., Turner J., Estelle M. Arabidopsis auxin-resistance gene AXR1 encodes a protein related to ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Nature. 1993. 364: 161-164.
223. Lilley J.M., Ludlow M.M., McCouch S.R., Otoole J.C. Location QTL for osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 1996. 47: 1427-1436.
224. Liu Z., Furnier G.R. Comparison of allozyme, RFLP and RAPD markers for revealing genetic variation within and between tremblingaspen and bigtooth aspen. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 87: 97-105.
225. Liu J.S., Sabatti C., Teng J., Keats B.J.B., Risch K. Bayesian analysis of haplotypes for linkage disequilibrium mapping. Genome Research. 2001. 11: 1716-1724.
226. Livini C., Ajmone-Marsan P., Melchinger A.E., Messmer M.M., Motto M. Genetic diversity of maize inbred lines within and among heterotic groups revealed by RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 84: 17-25.
227. Lu X., Niu T., Liu, J.S. Haplotype information and linkage disequili-brium mapping for single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genome Research. 2003. 13: 2112-2117.
228. Lukens L., Doebley J. Epistatic and environmental interactions for quantitative trait loci involved in maize evolution. Genet. Research. 1999. 74: 291-302
229. Luo Z.W., Thompson R., Wooliams J.A. A population genetics model of marker-assisted selection. Genetics. 1997. 146: 1173-1183.
230. Lynch M. The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1990. 7: 478-484.
231. Lynch M., Crease T.J. The analysis of population survey data on DNA sequence variation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1990. 7: 377-394.
232. Lynch M., Milligan B.G. Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Mol. Ecol. 1994. 3: 91-99.
233. Mailund T., Schierup M.H., Pedersen C.N.S., Madsen J.N., Hein J., Schauser L. GeneRecon - a coalescent based tool for fine-scale association mapping. Bioinformatics. 2006. 22: 2317-2318.
234. Maisonneuve B., Bellec Y., Anderson P., Michelmore R.W. Rapid mapping of two genes for resistance to downy mildew from Lactuca serriola to existing cluster of resistance genes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 96-104.
235. Mangin B., Goffinet B., Rebai A. Constructing confidence intervals for QTL location. Genetics. 1994. 138: 301-308.
236. Manjarrez-Sandoval P., Carter T.E.J., Webb D.M., Burton J.W. RFLP genetic similarity and coefficient of percentage as genetic va-riance predictors for soybean yield. Crop Sci. 1997. 37: 698-703.
237. Manly K.F. A Macintosh program for storage and analysis of experi-mental genetic mapping data. Mammalian Genome. 1993. 4: 303-313.
238. Mansur L.M., Lark K.G., Kross H., Oliviera A. Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci for reproductive, morphological and seed traits of soybean (Glycine max L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 86: 907-913.
239. Mansur L.M., Orf J., Lark K.G. Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 86: 914-918.
240. Mariette S., Chagne D., Lezier C., Pastuszka P., Raffin A., Plo-mion C., Kremer A. Genetic diversity within and among Pinus pinaster populations: comparison between AFLP and microsattellite markers. Heredity. 2001. 86: 469-479.
241. Mariette S., Le Corre V., Austerlitz F., Kremer A. Sampling within the genome for measuring within-population diversity: trade-offs be-tween markers. Mol. Ecol. 2002. 34: 75-79.
242. Mariette S., Cottrell J., Csaikl U., Goikoechea P., König A., Lowe A.J., van Dam B.C., Barrenche T., Bodenes C., Streiff R., Burg K., Groppe K., Munro R.C., Tabbener H., Kremer A. Comparison of levels of genetic diversity detected with AFLP and microsatellite marker within and among mixed Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Q. robur L. stands. Silvae Genetica. 2002. 51: 72-79.
243. Marshall D.R., Jain S.K. Genetic polymorphism in natural populations of Avena fatua and A. barbata. Nature. 1969. 221: 276-278.
244. Marshall T.C., Slate J., Kruuk L.E.B., Pemberton J.M. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural popula-tions. Mol. Ecol. 1998. 7: 639-655.
245. Martin G.B., Brommonschenkel S.H., Chunwongse J., Frary A., Ganal M.W., Spivey R., Wu T., Earle E.D., Tanksley S.D. Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato. Science. 1993. 262: 1432-1436.
246. Martin G.B., Williams J.G.K., Tanksley S.D. Rapid identification of markers linked to a Pseudomonas resistance gene in tomato by using random primers and near-isogenic lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1991. 88: 2336-2340.
247. Martinez O., Curnow R.N. Estimating the locations and the sizes of the effects of quantitative trait loci using flanking markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 85: 480-488.
248. Martinez V., Thorgaard G., Robison B., Sillanpaa M.J. An applica-tion of Bayesian QTL mapping to early development in double haploid lines of rainbow trout including environmental effects. Genet. Research. 2005. 86: 209-221.
249. Mason-Gamer R.J., Holsinger K.E., Jansen R.K. Chloroplast DNA haplotype variation within and among populations of Coreopsis grandi-flora (Asteraceae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 1995. 12: 371-381.
250. Maughan P.J., Maroof M.A.S., Buss G.R. Molecular-marker analysis of seed-weight: genomic locations, gene action, and evidence for orthologous evolution among three legume species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 93: 574-579.
251. McCauley D.E. The use of chloroplast DNA polymorphism in studies of gene flow in plants. Trends Ecol. Genet. 1995. 10: 198-202.
252. McCauley D.E., Raveill J., Antonovics J. Local founding events as determinants of genetic structure in plant metapopulation. Heredity. 1995. 75: 630-636.
253. McGrath J.M., Quiros C.F. Genetic diversity at isozyme and RFLP loci in Brassica campestris as relatedto crop type and geographical ori-gin. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 783-790.
254. McDonald J.H. Detecting natural selection by comparing geographic variation in protein and DNA polymorphisms. In: Non-neutral Evolu-tion. Theories and Molecular Data. Golding B. (ed.). Chapman and Hall. 1994. pp.88-101.
255. Meagher T.R., Thompson E. The relationship between single parent and parent pair genetic likelihoods in genealogy reconstruction. Theor. Pop. Biol. 1986. 29: 87-106.
256. Melchinger A.E. Genetic diversity and heterosis. In: The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops. Coors J.G., Pandey S. (eds.). International Symposium on the Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops. CIMMYT, Mexico. 17-22.08.1997. 1999. chap. 10. pp.99-118.
257. Melchinger A.E., Boppenmeier J., Dhillon B.S., Pollmer W.G., Herrmann R.G. Genetic diversity for RFLPs in European maize in-breds: II. Relation to performance of hybrids within versus between heterotic groups for forage traits. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 84: 672-681.
258. Melchinger A.E., Graner A., Singh M., Messmer M.M. Relationships among European barley germplasm. I. Genetic diversity among winter and spring cultivars revealed by RFLP. Crop Sci. 1994. 34: 1191-1199.
259. Melchinger A.E., Messmer M.M., Lee M., Woodman W.L., Lam-key K.R. Diversity and relationships among U.S. maize inbreds re-vealed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Crop Sci. 1991. 31: 669-678.
260. Messmer M.M., Melchinger A.E., Boppenmeier J., Herrmann R.G., Brunkslaus-Jung E. RFLP analysis of early-maturing European maize germplasm. I. Genetic diversity among flint and dent inbreds. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 1003-1012.
261. Michelmore R. Molecular approaches to manipulation of disease resistance genes. Ann. Rev. Phytopatol. 1995. 15: 393-427.
262. Michelmore R. Isolation of disease resistance genes from crop plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1995. 6: 145-152.
263. Michelmore R.W., Paran I., Kesseli R.V. Identification of markers linked to disease resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions using segregating populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1991. 88: 9828-9832.
264. Michalakis Y., Excoffier L. A genetic estimation of population subdivision using distances between alleles with special reference for microsatellite loci. Genetics. 1996. 142: 1061-1064.
265. Mimouni B., Robin J.-M., Azanza J.-L. Comparative studies of 11S globulin constituents of Brassica napus L. and of its related species Brassica campestris L. and Brassica oleracea L. Plant Sci. 1990. 67: 183-194.
266. Moran G.F. Patterns of genetic diversity in Australian tree species. New Forests. 1992. 6: 49-66.
267. Moreau L., Charcosset A., Hosputal F., Gallais A. Marker-assisted selection efficiency in populations of finite size. Genetics. 1998. 148: 1353-1355.
268. Moreau L., Lemarie S., Charcosset A., Gallais A. Economic efficiency of marker assisted selection. Crop Sci. 2000. 40: 329-337.
269. Moser H., Lee M. RFLP variation and genealogical distance, multivariate distance, heterosis, and genetic variance in oats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 87: 947-956.
270. Murphy R.W., Sites J.W. Jr., Buth D.G., Haufler C.H. Proteins I: isozyme electrophoresis. In: Molecular Systematics. Hillis D.M., Moritz C. (eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. 1990. pp.45-126.
271. Neale D.B., Saghai Maroof M.A., Allard R.W. Zhang Q., Jorgen-sen R.A. Chloroplast DNA diversity in populations of wild and culti-vated barley. Genetics. 1988. 120: 1105-1110.
272. Nei M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1973. 70: 3321-3323.
273. Nei M. Evolution of human races at the gene level. In: Human Genetics. Part A. The unfolding genome. Bonne-Tamir B., Cohen T., Goodman P.M. (eds.). Alan R. Liss, New York. 1982. pp.167-181.
274. Nei M. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press. 1987. 512 p.
275. Nei M., Li W.H. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1979. 76: 5269-5273.
276. Nei M., Miller J.C. A simple method for estimation average number of nucleotide substitution within and between populations from restriction data. Genetics. 1990. 125: 873-879.
277. Nei M., Roychoudhury A.K. Sampling variances of heterozygosity and genetic distance. Genetics. 1974. 76: 379-380.
278. Nevo E., Beiles A., Ben-Shlomo R. The evolutionary significance of genetic diversity. Ecological, demographic and life history correlates. In: Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Diversity. Mani G.S. (ed.). Springer-Verlag (Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, no.53). 1984. pp.13-213.
279. Nienhuis J., Sills G. The potential of hybrid varieties in self-pollinating vegetables. In: Reproductive Biology and Plant Breeding. Proc. XIIIth Eucarpia Meeting. Dattee Y., Dumas C., Gallias A. (eds.). Springer-Verlag. 1992.
280. Nybom H., Bartish I.V. Effects of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obrtained with RAPD markers in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecol. Evol. Systematics. 2000. 3/2: 93-114.
281. Ohta T., Kimura M. A model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in finite population. Genet. Res. Camb. 1973. 22: 201-204.
282. Pan A., Hayes P.M., Chen T.H.H., Blake T., Wright S., Karsai I., Bedo Z. Genetic analysis of the components of winter hardiness in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 900-910.
283. Papa R., Attene G., Barcaccia G., Ohgata A., Konishi T. Genetic diversity in landrace populations of Hordeum vulgare L. From Sardinia, Italy, as revealed by RAPDs, isozymes and morphophenological traits. Plant Breeding. 1998. 117: 523-530.
284. Paterson A.H., De Verna J.W., Lanini B., Tanksley S.D. Fine map-ping of quantitative trait loci overlapping recombination chromosomes, in an interspecific cross of tomato. Genetics. 1990. 124: 735-742.
285. Paterson A.H., Damon S., Hewitt J.D., Zamir D., Rabinowitch H.D., Lincoln S.E., Lander E.S., Tanksley S.D. Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato: comparison across scpesies, generations ans environments. Genetics. 1991. 127: 181-187.
286. Paterson A.H., Lander E.S., Hewitt J.D., Peterson S., Loncoln S.E., Tanksley S.D. Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature. 1988. 335: 721-726.
287. Paterson A.H., Lin Y.R., Li Z., Schertz K.F., Doebley J.F., Pin-son S.R., Liu S.C., Stansel J.W., Irvine J.E. Convergent domestication of cereal crops by independent mutations at corresponding genetic loci. Science. 1995. 269: 1714-1718.
288. Pelleschi S., Guy S., Kim J.Y., Pointe C., Mahe A., Barthes L., Leonardi A., Prioul J.L. Ivr2, a candidate gene for QTL of vacuolar invertase activity in maize leaves. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999. 39: 373-380.
289. Pelleschi S., Rocher J.P., Prioul J.L. Effect of water restriction on carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis in mature maize leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 1997. 20: 493-503.
290. Penner G.A., Chong J., Levesque-Lemay G., Molnar S.J., Fedak G. Identeficationof a RAPD marker linked to the oat stem rust gene PG3. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 85: 702-705.
291. Petit R.J., Kremer A., Wagner D.B. Finite island model for organelle and nuclear genes in plants. Heredity. 1993. 71: 630-641.
292. Petit R.J., Kremer A., Wagner D.B. Geographic structure of chloroplast DNA polymorphism in European oaks. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1993. 78: 122-128.
293. Petit R.J., Brewer S., Bondacs S., Burg K., Cheddadi R., Coart E., Cottrell J., Csaikl U.M., van Dam B.C., Deans J.D., Fineschi S., Finkeldey R., Glaz I., Goicoechea P.G., Jensen J.S., König A.O., Lowe A.J., Madsen S.F., Matyas G., Munro R.C., Popescu F., Slade D., Tabbener H., de Vries S.M.G., Ziegenhagen B., de Beaulieu J.L., Kremer A. Identification of refugia and postglacial colonization routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence. Forest Ecol. Mgmt. 2002. 35: 456-462.
294. Pettersson F., Morris A.P., Barnes M.R., Cardon L.R. Goldsurfer2 (Gs2): a comprehensive tool for the analysis and visualization of ge-nome wide association studies. BMC Bioinformatics. 2008. 9: 138.
295. Pflieger S., Lefebvre V., Causse M. The candidate gene approach in plant genetics: a review. Mol. Breeding. 2001. 7: 275-291.
296. Pielou E.C. Ecological Diversity. Wiley, New York. 1975. 165 p.
297. Pogson G.H., Mesa K.A., Boutilier R.G. Genetic populationstructure and gene flow in the Atlantic cod Cadus morhua: a comparisonof allozyme and nuclear RFLP loci. Genetics. 1995. 139: 375-385.
298. Pons O., Chaouche K. Estimation, variance and optimal sampling strategy of gene diversity. II. Diploid locus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 91: 122-130.
299. Pons O., Petit R.J. Estimation, variance and optimal sampling strategy. I. Haploid locus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 462-470.
300. Powell J.R. Molecular techniques in population genetics: a brief history. In: Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Schierwater B., Streit B., Wagner G.P., Desalle R. (eds.). Birkhauser Verlag. 1994. pp.131-157.
301. Prioul J.L., Jeannette E., Reyss A., Gregory N., Giroux M., Han-nah L.C., Causse M. Expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in maize (Zea mays L.) grain and source leaf during grain filling. Plant Physiol. 1994. 104: 179-187.
302. Prioul J.L., Pelleschi S., Sene M., Thevenot C., Causse M., de Vi-enne D., Leonardi A. From QTLs for enzyme activity to candidate genes in maize. J. Exp. Bot. 1999. 50: 1281-1288.
303. Prioul J.L., Quarrie S., Causse M., De Vienne D. Dissecting complex physiological functions into elementary components through the use of molecular quantitative genetics. J. Exp. Bot. 1997. 48: 1151-1163.
304. Pritchard J.K., Stephens M., Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000. 155: 945-959.
305. Pritchard J.K., Stephens M., Rosenberg N.A., Donnelly P. Associa-tion mapping in structured populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000. 67: 170-181.
306. Purcell S., Neale B., Todd-Brown K., Thomas L., Ferreira M.A.R., Bender D., Maller J., de Bakker P.I.W., Daly M.J., Sham P.C. PLINK: a toolset for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007. 81: 559-575.
307. Quarrie S.A., Guili M., Calestani C., Steed A., Marmirolli N. Loca-tion of a gene regulating drought-induced abscisic acid production on the long arm of chromosome 5 of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 794-800.
308. Quarrie S.A., Laurie D.A., Zhu J.H., Lebreton C., Semikhodskii A., Steed A., Witsenboer H., Calestani C. QTL analysis to study the assotiation between leaf size and abscisic acid accumulation in droughted rice leaves and comparisons across cereals. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997. 35: 155-165.
309. Quarrie S., Steed A., Lebreton C., Guili M., Calestani C., Marmi-rolli N. Location of a gene regulating drought-induced abscisic acid production in wheat and maize and associated physiological trait. Russian J. Plant Physiol. 1994. 41: 565-571.
310. Ragot M., Biasiolli M., Delbut M.F., Dell´orco A., Malgarini L., Thevenin P., Vernoy J., Vivant J., Zimmermann R., Gay G. Marker-assisted backcrossing: a practical example. In: Techniques et utilisations des marqueurs moleculares. Ed. INRA, Paris. 1995. pp.45-46.
311. Raybould A.F., Mogg R.J., Clarke R.T., Gliddon C.J., Gray A.J. Variation and population structure at microsatellite and isozyme loci in wild cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) in Dorset (UK). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1999. 46: 351-360.
312. Rick C.M., DeVerna J.W., Chetelat R.T., Stevens M.A. Meiosis in sesquidiploid hybrids of Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum lycopersicoides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986. 83: 3580-3583.
313. Rebai A. Comparison of methods for regression interval mapping in QTL analysis with non-normal traits. Genet. Res. Camb. 1997. 69: 69-74.
314. Rebai A., Goffinet B., Mangin B. Approximate thresholds of interval mapping tests for QTL detection. Genetics. 1994. 138: 235-240.
315. Rebai A., Goffinet B., Mangin B. Comparing power of different me-thods for QTL detection. Biometrics. 1995. 51: 87-99.
316. Reboud X., Zeyl C. Organelle inheritance in plants. Heredity. 1994. 72: 132-140.
317. Reiter R.S., Coors J.G., Sussman M.R., Gabelman W.H. Genetic analysis of tolerance to low phosphorus stress in maize using RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1991. 82: 561-568.
318. Reiter R.S., Williams J., Feldman K., Rafalski J.A., Tingey S.V., Scolnik P.A. Global and local genome mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1992. 89: 1477-1481.
319. Ribaut J.M., Hoisington D.A., Deutsch J.A., Jiang C., Gonzalez-delon D. Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 1. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 94: 887-896.
320. Ribaut J.M., Jiang C., Gonzalesdelon D., Edmeades G.O., Hoisington D.A. Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 2. Yield components and marker-assisted selection strategies. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1997. 94: 887-896.
321. Rodolphe F., Lefort M. A multi-marker model for detecting chromo-somal segments displaying QTL activity. Genetics. 1993. 134: 1277-1288.
322. Rogers J.S. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. In: Studies in Genetics. VII. Wheeler M.R. (ed.). University of Texas Publ. 7213. 1972. pp.145-153.
323. Romagosa I., UllrichS.E., Han F., Hayes P.M. Use of the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model in QTL mapping for adaptation in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 93: 30-37.
324. Rommens J.M., Iannuzzi M.C., Kerm B.S., Drum M.L., Melmer G., Dean M., Rozmahel R., Cole J.L., Kennedy D., Hidaka N., Zsiga M., Buchwald M., Riordan J.R. Tsui L.C., Collins F.S. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science. 1989. 245: 1059-1065.
325. Rongwen J., Akkaya M.S., Bhagwat A.A., Lavi U., Cregan P.B. The use of microsatellite DNA markers for soybean genotype identification. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 90: 43-48.
326. Saghai-Maroof M.A., Yang G.P., et al. Correlation between molecular marker distance and hybrid performance in U.S. southern long grain rice. Crop. Sci. 1997. 37: 145-150.
327. Sanguineti M.C., Tuberosa R., Landi P., Salvi S., Maccaferri M., Casarini E., Conti S. QTL analysis of drought related traits and grain yield in relation to genetic variation for leaf abscisic acid concentration in field-grown maize. J. Exp. Bot. 1999. 50: 1289-1297.
328. Sarfatti M., Katan J., Fluhr R., Zamir D. An eflp marker in tomato linked to the Fusarium oxysporum resistance gene I2. Theor. Apl. Genet. 1989. 78: 755-759.
329. Sari-Gorla M., Krajewski P., di Fronzo N., Villa M., Frova C. Ge-netic analysis of drought tolerance in maize by molecular markers. II. Plant height and flowering. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1999. 99: 289-295.
330. Sax K. The association of size differences with seed coat pattern and pigmentation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Genetics. 1923. 8: 552-560.
331. Schon C.C., Lee M., Melchinger A.E., Guthrie W.D., Wood-man W.L. Mapping and characterization of quantitative trait loci affecting resistance against second-generation European corn borer in maize with the aid of RFLPs. Heredity. 1993. 70: 648-659.
332. Schon C.C., Melchinger A., Boppenheimer J., Brunklaus-Jung E., Herrmann R.G., Seitzer J.F. RFLP mapping in maize: quantitative trait loci affecting testcross performance of elite European flint lines. Crop Sci. 1994. 34: 378-388.
333. Seaton G., Haley C.S., Knott S.A., Kearsey M., Visscher P.M. QTL Express: mapping quantitative trait loci in simple and complex pedi-grees. Bioinformatics. 2002. 18: 339-340.
334. Sekhon M.S., Gupta V.P. Genetic distance and heterosis in Indian mustard: developmental isozymes as indicators of genetic relationships. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 91: 1148-1152.
335. Sene M., Causse M., Damerval C., Thevenot C., Prioul J.L. Quantitative trait loci affecting amylose, amylopectin and starch content in maize recombinant inbred lines. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2000. 38: 459-472.
336. Shewry P.R., Casey R. (eds.) Seed Proteins. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1999. 883 p.
337. Shewry P., Casey R. Seed proteins. In: Seed Proteins. Shewry P., Casey R. (eds.). Kluwer Acad. Publishers. Dordrecht, London. 1999. pp.1-10.
338. Shewry P., Franklin J., Parmar S., Smith S.J., Miflin B.J. The effects of sulphur starvation on amino acid and protein compositions of barley grain. J. Cereal Sci. 1983. 1: 21-31.
339. Shwenke K.D., Raab B., Plietz P., Damaschun G. The structure of the 12S globulin from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Die Nahrung. 1983. 27: 165-175.
340. Shriver M.D., Li J., Charraborty R., Boerwinkle E. VNTR allele frequency distributions under the stepwise mutation model: a computer simulation. Genetics. 1993. 134: 983-993.
341. Simpson E.H. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 1949. 163: 688.
342. Skol A.D., Scott L.J., Abecasis G.R., Boehnke M. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 2006. 38: 209-213.
343. Slatkin M. Inbreeding coefficients and coalescence times. Genet. Res. Camb. 1991. 58: 167-175.
344. Slatkin M. A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics. 1995. 139: 457-462.
345. Smith J.S.C., Smith O.S. The use of morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristics to measure distance and to test for minimum distance between inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). UPOV Workshop. Versailles. 1989.
346. Smith O.S., Smith J.S.C., Bowen S.L., Tenborg R.A., Wall S.J. Similarities among a group of elite maize inbreds as measured by pedigree, F1 grain yield, grain yield, heterosis and RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990. 80: 833-840.
347. Smith J.S.C., Smith O.S., Bowen S.L., Tenborg R.A., Wall S.J. The description and assessment of distances between inbred lines of maize. III. A revised scheme for the testing of distinctiveness between inbred lines utilizing DNA RFLPs. Maydica. 1991. 36: 213-226.
348. Smouse P.E., Dyer R.J., Westfall R.D., Sork V.L. Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females. Evolution. 2001. 55: 260-271.
349. Soller M., Beckmann J.S. Genetic polymorphism in varietal identification and genetic improvement. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1983. 67: 837-843.
350. Soller M., Brody T., Genizi A. On the power of experimental designs for the detection of linkage between marker loci and quantitative loci in cross between inbreed lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1976. 47: 35-39.
351. Spencer D., Rerie W.G., Randall P.J., Higgins T.J.V. The regulation of pea seed storage protein genes by sulphur stress. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 1990. 17: 355-363.
352. Sprague G.F., Tatum L.A. General vs. specific combining ability in single crosses of corn. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 1942. 34: 923-932.
353. Stam P., Zeven A.C. The theoretical proportion of the donor genome in near-isogenic lines of self-fertilizers bred by backcrossing. Euphytica. 1981. 30: 227-238.
354. Stougaard J. Genetics and genomics of root symbiosis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2001. 4: 328-335.
355. Streiff R., Ducousso A., Lexer C., Streinkellner H., Gloessl J., Kre-mer A. Pollen dispersal inferred from paternity analysis in mixed oak stand of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Mol. Ecol. 1999. 8: 831-841.
356. Stromberg L.D., Dudley J.W., Rufener G.K. Comparing conventional early generation selection with marker assisted selection in maize. Crop Sci. 1994. 34: 1221-1225.
357. Stuber C.W. Marker-based selection for quantitative traits. Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg. 1989. 16: 31-49.
358. Stuber C.W. Mapping and manipulating quantitative traits in maize. Trends Genet. 1995. 11: 477-481.
359. Stuber C.W., Edwards M.D., Wendel J.F. Molecular-marker-facilitated investigations of QTL in maize. II. Factors influencing yield and its component traits. Crop Sci. 1987. 27: 639-648.
360. Stuber C.W., Lincoln S.E., Wolf D.W., Helebtjaris T., Lander E.S. Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Genetics. 1992. 132: 823-839.
361. Szmidt A.E., Wang X.R., Lu M.Z. Empirical assessment of allozyme and RAPD variation in Pinus sylvestris (L.) using haploid tissue analysis. Heredity. 1996. 76: 412-420.
362. Tabe L., Hagan N., Higgins T.J.V. Plastisity of seed protein composition in response to nitrogen and sulphur availability. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2002. 5: 212-217.
363. Tajima F. Measurement of DNA polymorphism. In: Mechanisms of Molecular Evolution. Takahata N., Clark A.G. (eds.). Sinauer Associates. 1993. pp.37-59.
364. Tajima F., Nei M. Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1984. 1: 269-285.
365. Tanhuanpaa P.K., Vilkki J.P., Vilkki H.J. Mapping of a QTL for oleic acid concentration in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa spp. Olifera). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 92: 952-956.
366. Tanksley S.D. Molecular markers in plant breeding. Plant Mol. Biol. Rept. 1983. 1: 3-8.
367. Tanksley S.D. Mapping polygenes. Ann. Rev. Genet. 1993. 27: 205-233.
368. Tanksley S.D., Ganal M.W., Martin G.B. Chromosome landing: a paradigm for map-based gene cloning in plants with large genomes. Trends Genet. 1995. 11: 63-68.
369. Tanksley S.D., Grandillo S., Fulton T.M., Zamir D., Eshed Y., Pe-tiard V., Lopez J., Beckbunn T. Advanced backcross QTL analysis in a cross between an elite processing line of tomato and its wild relative L. pimpinellifolium. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 92: 213-224.
370. Tanksley S.D., Hewitt J. Use of molecular markers in breeding for soluble solids content in tomato: a re-examination. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1988. 75: 811-823.
371. Tanksley S.D., Jones R.A. Application of alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes in testing the purity of F1 hybrids of tomato. Hort. Science. 1979. 16:179-181.
372. Tanksley S.D., Medina-Filho H., Rick C.M. Use of naturally-occurring enzyme variation to detect and map genes controlling quantitative traits in an interspecific backcross of tomato. Heredity. 1982. 49: 11-25.
373. Tanksley S.D., Nelson N. Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for the simultaneous discovery and transfer of valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 92: 191-203.
374. Tanksley S.D., Orton T.J. Isozymes in plant genetics and breeding. Elsevier. 1983. Part A. 516 pp.
375. Tanksley S.D., Rick C.M. Isozymic gene linkage map of the tomato: application in genetics and breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1980. 57:161-170.
376. Tersac M., Blanchard P., Brunel D., Vincourt P. relations between heterosis and enzymatic polymorphism in populations of cultivated sunflowers (Heliantus annuus L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 49-55.
377. Teulat B., This D., Khairallah M., Borries C., Ragot C., Sourdille P., Leroy P., Monneveux P., Charrier A. Several QTLs involved in osmotic adjustment trait variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 96: 688-698.
378. Thoday J.M. Location of polygenes. Nature. 1961. 191: 368-370.
379. Timmerman-Vaughan G.M., McCallum J.A., Frew T.J., Wee-den N.F., Russell A.C. Linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling seed weight in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 93: 431-439.
380. Touzet P., Winkler R.G., Helentjaris T. Combined genetic and physiological analysis of a locus contributing to quantitative variation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995. 91: 200-205.
381. Tozlu I., Guy C.L., Moore G.A. QTL analysis of Na+ and Cl- accumulation related traits in an intergeneric BC1 progeny of Citrus and Poncirus under saline and nonsaline environments. Genome. 1999. 42: 692-705.
382. Tripathy J.N., Zhang J., Robin S., Nguyen T.T., Nguyen H.T. QTLs for cell-membrane stability mapped in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought stress. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2000. 100: 1197-1202.
383. Tuberosa R., Sanguineti M.C., Landi P., Salvi S., Caarini E., Conti S. RFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling abscisic acid concentration in leaves of drought-stressed maize (Zea mays L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998. 97: 744-755.
384. Tuinstra M.R., Grote E.M., Goldsdrough P.B., Ejeta G. Genetic analysis of post-fowering drought tolerance and components of grain development in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Mol. Breed. 1997. 3: 439-448.
385. Ukai Y., Osawa R., Saito A., Hayashi T. MAPL: a package of com-puter programs for construction of DNA polymorphism linkage maps and analysis of QTL. Breed. Sci. 1995. 45: 139-142 (in Japanese).
386. Utz H.F., Melchinger A.E. PLABQTL: a program for composite interval mapping of QTL. Journal of Agricultural Genomics. - 1996. - http://www.cabi-publishing.org/jag/papers96/paper196/indexp196.html (dostupno s 30 iyunya 2007 g.).
387. Vallejos C.E. Enzyme activity staining. In: Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding. Tanksley S.D., Orton T.J. (eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1983. pp.37-49.
388. Van der Beek J.G., Verkerk R., Zabel P., Lindhout P. Mapping strategy for resistance genes in tomato based on RFLPs between cultivars: Cf9 (resistance to Clamidosporium fulvum) on chromosome 1. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 84: 106-112.
389. Van Hintum T.J.L. Comparison of marker systems and construction of a core collection in a pedigree of European spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 991-997.
390. Van Ooijen A.J. JoinMap 4.0: Software for the Calculation of Genetic Linkage Maps in Experimental Populations. Plant Research International B.V & Kyazma B.V. Wageningen, Netherlands. 2006. 45 p.
391. Van Ooijen J.W. MapQTL 6. Software for the mapping of quantitative trait loci in experimental populations of diploid species. Wageningen, Netherlands. 2009. 60 p.
392. Veldboom L.R., Lee M. Molecular marker facilitated studies of mor-phological traits in maize. II. Determination of QTLs for grain yield and yield components. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 451-458.
393. Vision T.J., Brown D.G., Shmoys D.B., Durrett R.T., Tanksley S.D. Selective mapping: a strategy for optimizing the construction of high-density linkage maps. Genetics. 2000. 155: 407-420.
394. Walbot V., Cullis C.A. Rapid genome change in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1985. 36: 367-396.
395. Wang J., Bernardo R. Variance of marker estimates of parental contributions to F2 and BC1 derived inbreds. Crop Sci. 2000. 40: 659-665.
396. Wang G.L., Paterson A.H. Assessment of DNA pooling strategies for mapping of QTLs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 88: 355-361.
397. Ward J.H. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J. Am. Stat. Assos. 1963. 58: 236-244.
398. Ward E.R., Jen C.C. Isolation of single-copy-sequence clones from a yeast artificial chromosome library of randomly-sheared Arabidipsis thaliana DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990. 14: 561-568.
399. Ware D.H., Jaiswal P., Ni J., Yap I.V., Pan X., Clark K.Y., Teytel-man L., Schmidt S.C., Zhao W., Chang K., Cartinhour S., Stein L.D., McCouch S.R. Gramene, a tool for grass genomics. Plant Physiol. 2002. 130: 1606-1613.
400. Weir B.S. Genetic Data Analysis. Sinauer associates, New York. 1990. 377 p.
401. Weir B.S., Basten J.C. Sampling strategies for distances. Biometrics. 1990. 46: 551-582.
402. Weir B.S., Cockerham C.C. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution. 1984. 38: 1358-1370.
403. Weller J.I. Mapping and analysis of quantitative trait loci in Lycopersicon (tomato) with the aid of genetic markers using approximate maximum likelihood methods. Heredity. 1987. 59: 413- 421.
404. Wright S. The genetical structure of populations. Ann. Eugen. 1951. 15: 323-354.
405. Wright S. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Vol.1. Genetics and Biometric Foundations. The University of Chicago Press. 1968. 480 p.
406. Wright S. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Vol.2. The Theory of Gene Frequencies. The University of Chicago Press. 1969. 520 p.
407. Xiao J., Yuan L., McCouch S.R., Tanksley S.D. Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance and heterosis in rice as revealed by PCR-based markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. 92: 647-643.
408. Xu W.W., Subudhi P.K., Crasta O.R., Rosenow D.T., Mullet J.E., Nguyen H.T. Molecular mapping of QTLs conferring stay-green in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Genome. 2000. 43: 461-469.
409. Yadav R., Courtois B., Huang N., McLaren G. Mapping genes con-trolling root morphology and root distribution in a double-haploid population of rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1997. 94: 619-932.
410. Yang J., Hu C., Hu H., Yu R., Xia Z., Ye X., Zhu J. QTLNetwork: mapping and visualizing genetic architecture of complex traits in experimental populations. Bioinformatics. 2008. 24: 721-723.
411. Yano M., Katayose Y., Ashikari M., Yamanouchi U., Monna L., Fuse T., Baba T., Yamamoto K., Umehara Y., Nagamura Y., Sasa-ki T. Hd1 a major photoperiod sensitivity quantitative trait locus in rice, is closely related to the Arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS. Plant Cell. 2000. 12: 2473-2484.
412. Young N.D. A cautiously optimistic vision for marker-assisted breed-ing. Mol. Breed. 2000. 5: 500-510.
413. Young N.D., Tanksley S.D. RFLP analysis of the size of the chromo-somal segments retained around the Tm-2 locus of tomato during backcross breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1989. 77: 353-359.
414. Zamir D., Tanksley S.D., Jones R.A. Genetic analysis of the origin of plants regeneration from anther tissues of Lycopesicon esculentum Mill. Plant Sci. Letters. 1981. 21:223-227.
415. Zamir D., Tanksley S.D., Jones R.A. Haploid selection for low tem-perature tolerance of tomato pollen. Genetics. 1982. 101:129-137.
416. Zanetto A., Roussel G., Kremer A. Geographic variability of inter-specific differentiation between Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Forest Genet. 1994. 1: 111-123.
417. Zehr B.E., Dudley J.W., Chojeki J., Maroof M.A.S., Mowers R.P. Use of RFLP markers to search for alleles in a maize population for improvement of an elite hybrid. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 903-911.
418. Zeng Z.B. Theoretical basis for separation of multiple linked gene ef-fects in mapping quantitative trait loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993. 90: 10972-10976.
419. Zeng Z.B. Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci. Genetics. 1994. 136: 1457-1468.
420. Zhang J.X., Klueva N.Y., Wang Z., Wu R., Ho T.H.D., Nguyen H.T. Genetic engineering for abiotic stress resistance in crop plants. In Vitro Cell. Develop. Biol. Plant. 2000. 36: 108-114.
421. Zhang Q., Saghai-Maroof M.A., Kleinhofs A. Comparative diversity analysis of RFLPs and isozymes within and among populations of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Genetics. 1993. 134: 909-915.
422. Zhang W., Smith C. Computer simulation of marker-assisted selection utilizing linkage disequilibrium. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992. 83: 813-820.
423. Zhang Z., Bradbury P.J., Kroon D.E., Casstevens T.M., Buck-ler E.S. TASSEL 2.0: a software package for association and diversity analyses in plants and animals. Poster P956/CP012 presented at Plant and Animal Genomes XIV Conference, 14-18 January 2006. San Diego, California. 2006. http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/ PAG14_C012.html
